Area of Services

AREA OF THE LEGAL FORUMS WHERE OUR OFFICE IS RENDERING ITS SERVICES

Service law cases relate to disputes and legal issues concerning employment in government services, public sector undertakings (PSUs), and sometimes private employment where statutory protections apply. These cases typically involve:

1. Recruitment & Appointment Disputes

Irregularities in recruitment
Denial of appointment despite selection
Non-adherence to reservation policies

2. Promotions & Seniority Issues

Denial of promotion despite eligibility
Disputes over seniority and inter-se seniority lists
Violation of promotion rules

3. Disciplinary Proceedings & Dismissals

Wrongful termination or dismissal
Suspension without proper procedure
Punishment disproportionate to the misconduct

4. Pay & Allowances

Non-payment or delay in salary, pension, or other benefits
Disputes over pay scale and grade pay fixation
Denial of arrears, bonuses, or increments

5. Transfers & Postings

Arbitrary or mala fide transfers
Transfer policy violations

6. Retirement & Pension Issues

Non-payment or delay in pension, gratuity, or provident fund
Disputes over voluntary or compulsory retirement
Issues in calculating qualifying service

7. Contractual & Ad-hoc Appointments

Regularization of temporary or ad-hoc employees
Unjustified termination of contractual employees

8. Reservation & Quota Issues

Non-compliance with SC/ST/OBC/EWS reservations
Discrimination in promotions based on category

9. Sexual Harassment & Workplace Rights

Complaints under the POSH Act (Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Workplace)
Violation of fundamental rights at the workplace

10. Miscellaneous Issues

Violation of principles of natural justice in service matters
Whistleblower protections and retaliation cases

Such cases are commonly heard before the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), State Administrative Tribunals (SATs), High Courts, and sometimes the Supreme Court of India under Articles 226 & 32 of the Constitution.

Property law cases in India generally involve disputes over ownership, possession, transfer, inheritance, tenancy, and land use. Here are the major types of cases related to property laws:

1. Ownership & Title Disputes

Disputes over rightful ownership of property
Fraudulent sale or registration of property
Adverse possession claims

2. Partition & Inheritance Disputes

Partition of ancestral or joint family property
Disputes over wills and succession (Hindu Succession Act, Muslim Personal Law, Indian Succession Act)
Legal heirship claims

3. Sale, Transfer & Gift Disputes

Breach of contract in property sale agreements
Fraudulent sale transactions
Disputes over gift deeds and donations

4. Landlord-Tenant Disputes

Eviction and rent control disputes
Non-payment of rent or lease agreement violations
Unauthorized occupation by tenants

5. Encroachment & Possession Disputes

Illegal encroachment on private or government land
Forceful eviction or dispossession cases
Suit for declaration and possession

6. Mortgage & Loan-Related Disputes

Default on home loans and bank foreclosure
Mortgage fraud or non-disclosure of encumbrances
SARFAESI Act cases (bank recovery proceedings)

7. Easement & Right of Way Disputes

Obstruction of right of passage (pathways, roads)
Disputes over water rights, light, and air access

8. Government Acquisition & Compensation

Land acquisition by the government under the Right to Fair Compensation Act
Disputes over inadequate or delayed compensation

9. Cooperative Housing Society Disputes

Disputes over membership and maintenance charges
Mismanagement of society funds and illegal transfers

10. Illegal Construction & Building Violations

Unauthorized construction and demolition cases
Violation of zoning and municipal regulations

Such cases are handled by civil courts, revenue courts, consumer forums (for builder disputes), tribunals, High Courts, and in some cases, the Supreme Court. Let me know if you need help with any specific type of property case.

In India, MPLRC (Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959) governs land revenue administration in Madhya Pradesh. Cases related to MPLRC typically involve land records, ownership, tenancy, revenue disputes, and government acquisition. Here are the major types of cases under MPLRC:

1. Land Ownership & Title Disputes

Mutation (नामांतरण) disputes over inheritance or sale
Correction of land records (खतौनी, खसरा)
Illegal possession or wrongful transfer of land

2. Partition & Inheritance Disputes

Division of ancestral agricultural land among legal heirs
Disputes over rights of co-sharers (संयुक्त खातेदार)
Cases under Section 178 MPLRC (partition of agricultural land)

3. Tenancy & Occupancy Rights

Rights of tenants (बटाईदार) and their eviction disputes
Protection of occupancy tenants under Section 185 MPLRC
Illegal transfer of tenancy rights

4. Encroachment & Possession Disputes

Unauthorized encroachment on government or private land
Proceedings under Section 248 MPLRC for removal of encroachment
Disputes related to Gram Sabha and Bhu-Adhikar land

5. Government Land & Patta Disputes

Cancellation of illegal Pattas (leases)
Wrongful allotment of government land
Disputes over Scheduled Tribe/Scheduled Caste land under Section 165 MPLRC

6. Land Use & Conversion Disputes

Change of land use from agriculture to non-agriculture (under Section 172)
Violation of land conversion rules
Illegal diversion of land for commercial purposes

7. Land Revenue & Taxation Disputes

Non-payment of land revenue and penalties
Recovery of government dues (बकाया वसूली) under Section 146 MPLRC

8. Land Acquisition & Compensation

Acquisition of private land by the government under Right to Fair Compensation Act
Disputes over inadequate compensation

9. Forest & Tribal Land Issues

Claims under the Forest Rights Act for Scheduled Tribes
Illegal transfer of tribal land

10. Appeals & Revisions Under MPLRC

Appeals before Tehsildar, Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO), Collector, Commissioner, and Board of Revenue
Revisions under Section 50 & 51 MPLRC

These cases are handled by Revenue Courts (Patwari, Tehsildar, SDO, Collector, Revenue Board) and High Court (in writ petitions). Let me know if you need help with any specific MPLRC issue.

Cases related to the Income Tax Act, 1961 in India generally involve disputes over taxation, assessment, evasion, penalties, and exemptions. Here are the main types of cases under the Act:

1. Income Tax Assessment & Scrutiny Disputes

Incorrect assessment of income by the Assessing Officer (AO)
Wrongful addition of income under Section 143(3) (Scrutiny Assessment)
Reassessment under Section 147 (Income Escaping Assessment)

2. Tax Evasion & Undisclosed Income

Concealment of income and black money cases
Search & seizure cases under Section 132
Survey cases under Section 133A

3. Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) & Tax Collection at Source (TCS) Issues

Non-deduction or short deduction of TDS under Section 194 series
Delay or failure to deposit TDS/TCS
Wrongful TDS deductions and refunds

4. Penalties & Prosecution Cases

Late filing of income tax returns (ITR) and interest under Section 234A, 234B, 234C
Penalties for underreporting/misreporting of income under Section 270A
Prosecution for willful tax evasion under Section 276C

5. Appeals & Litigation Under Income Tax Act

Appeals before the Commissioner of Income Tax (CIT-A) under Section 246A
Disputes before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT)
Further appeals to High Court (Section 260A) and Supreme Court

6. Capital Gains Tax Disputes

Wrong computation of Short-Term or Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG/STCG)
Exemption disputes under Section 54, 54F, 54EC
Taxation of property sales and stock market gains

7. Business & Corporate Taxation Cases

Disputes over corporate tax rates, MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax – Section 115JB), or AMT (Alternate Minimum Tax – Section 115JC)
Transfer Pricing disputes under Section 92 (for multinational companies)
GST vs. Income Tax-related litigation

8. Charitable Trust & Exemption Issues

Denial of exemption under Section 10, 11, 12A, 80G
Cases related to revocation of 80G registration for NGOs

9. Tax Refund & Adjustment Cases

Delay in Income Tax Refunds (ITR claims)
Wrong adjustments under Section 245 (set-off of refunds against past tax dues)

10. International Taxation & NRI Taxation

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) disputes
Foreign income taxation under Section 5, 9
NRI taxation issues under Section 6 (Residential Status)

These cases are handled by the Income Tax Department, ITAT, High Courts, and Supreme Court. Let me know if you need details on any specific case type.

Cases related to the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 involve disputes between consumers and sellers, manufacturers, or service providers regarding defective products, deficient services, unfair trade practices, and other consumer rights violations. Here are the major types of cases under the Act:

1. Defective Goods Cases

Sale of defective or substandard products (electronics, vehicles, home appliances, etc.)
Expired or adulterated food, medicines, or other consumables
Product liability claims against manufacturers for defective goods (Section 84)

2. Deficiency in Services

Poor or faulty services by banks, insurance companies, telecom providers, etc.
Medical negligence cases against hospitals and doctors
Deficiency in travel, hospitality, and e-commerce services

3. Unfair Trade Practices

False advertising and misleading claims by companies (Section 2(47))
Hidden charges or deceptive pricing strategies
Misrepresentation of goods/services quality

4. Online Shopping & E-Commerce Fraud

Non-delivery of paid products or services
Selling fake or counterfeit products
Unauthorized deductions from bank accounts or digital wallets

5. Real Estate & Builder Disputes

Delay in possession of flats or non-compliance with agreements
Poor construction quality or deviation from promised layout
Non-refund of booking amounts or hidden charges

6. Banking & Financial Service Complaints

Unjustified bank charges, wrongful deductions, or fraud
Delay in processing loans or wrongful rejection
Issues with credit cards, unauthorized transactions, or hidden fees

7. Insurance Disputes

Wrongful rejection or delay in claim settlement (health, life, or vehicle insurance)
Mis-selling of insurance policies
Non-disclosure of key terms in insurance contracts

8. Medical Negligence Cases

Wrong diagnosis, surgical errors, or improper treatment
Overcharging or refusal to provide necessary treatment
Failure to inform patients about risks and alternative treatments

9. Automobile & Vehicle-Related Complaints

Manufacturing defects in vehicles (cars, bikes, etc.)
Non-fulfillment of warranty claims
Overcharging for repairs or fraudulent service charges

10. Educational Institution & Coaching Center Disputes

Misrepresentation of courses, facilities, or faculty qualifications
Non-refund of fees after admission withdrawal
Poor quality of education or fake degrees

Forums Handling Consumer Cases

Consumer cases are heard by:

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (up to ₹50 lakh disputes)
State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (₹50 lakh to ₹2 crore disputes)
National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (Above ₹2 crore disputes)

Cases related to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act, 2017 generally involve disputes over tax liability, classification, evasion, refunds, compliance, and penalties. Here are the major types of cases under the GST Act:

1. GST Registration & Compliance Disputes

Wrongful denial or cancellation of GST registration (Section 29)
Failure to obtain GST registration despite eligibility
Disputes over composition scheme eligibility (Section 10)

2. GST Input Tax Credit (ITC) Disputes

Denial of Input Tax Credit (ITC) under Section 16
Fraudulent or ineligible ITC claims leading to penalties
Mismatch of ITC in GSTR-2A and GSTR-3B

3. GST Rate & Classification Disputes

Wrong classification of goods or services under different GST slabs
Disputes over whether an item falls under 5%, 12%, 18%, or 28% GST
Cases related to HSN Code misclassification

4. GST Refund Issues

Delay or rejection of GST refund claims (Section 54)
Refund disputes for exporters and inverted duty structure
Wrongful adjustment of refunds against past dues

5. GST Evasion & Fraud Cases

Tax evasion by underreporting turnover or fake invoicing (Section 132)
Fake GST registrations and circular trading frauds
Penalties for non-issuance of tax invoices

6. GST Notices & Assessment Disputes

Show cause notices under Section 73 (non-fraud) & Section 74 (fraud cases)
Best judgment assessment disputes under Section 62
Cases challenging wrong tax assessments by GST officers

7. Anti-Profiteering Disputes

Cases under Section 171 for not passing GST rate reduction benefits to consumers
Investigations by the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA)

8. GST E-Way Bill & Transport Disputes

Seizure of goods for E-Way Bill non-compliance under Section 129
Wrongful detention of goods in transit by GST officers
Penalty disputes for missing or incorrect E-Way Bills

9. GST Appeals & Litigation

Appeals against tax demand orders before Appellate Authority & GST Tribunal
Writ petitions in High Courts for constitutional challenges
Disputes regarding interest, penalties, and late fees

10. Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) Issues

Wrong application of RCM under Section 9(3) & 9(4)
Liability disputes between service recipients and providers

Forums Handling GST Cases

GST disputes are handled by:

GST Officers (for initial assessments and penalties)
Appellate Authority (for GST appeals)
GST Appellate Tribunal (for second-level appeals)
High Courts & Supreme Court (for constitutional & legal challenges)

Family law cases in India cover disputes related to marriage, divorce, maintenance, child custody, inheritance, and domestic violence. These cases are governed by personal laws (Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Parsi, etc.) and secular laws like the Special Marriage Act, Guardianship Laws, and Domestic Violence Act.

1. Marriage & Divorce Cases

Divorce petitions (mutual consent or contested) under Hindu Marriage Act (Section 13), Special Marriage Act, Muslim Law, Christian Law
Annulment of marriage (fraud, impotency, bigamy, forceful marriage)
Restitution of conjugal rights (Section 9 Hindu Marriage Act)
Judicial separation cases

2. Maintenance & Alimony Cases

Maintenance claims by wife under Section 125 CrPC, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
Alimony disputes in divorce cases
Maintenance for parents and children

3. Child Custody & Guardianship Disputes

Custody battles under Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, Guardians and Wards Act
Visitation rights for non-custodial parents
Parental alienation cases

4. Domestic Violence & Protection Orders

Cases under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Physical, emotional, economic abuse claims
Protection, residence, and compensation orders

5. Dowry & Cruelty Cases

Dowry harassment cases (Section 498A IPC)
Dowry death and abetment of suicide cases (Section 304B IPC)
Harassment by in-laws and protection orders

6. Adoption & Surrogacy Cases

Legal adoption under Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, Juvenile Justice Act
International adoption cases under Hague Convention
Surrogacy disputes under Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021

7. Property & Inheritance Disputes

Partition of ancestral and self-acquired property
Women’s right to property under Hindu Succession Act (amendment 2005)
Muslim inheritance disputes under Sharia law

8. Live-In Relationship & Legitimacy Cases

Rights of partners in live-in relationships
Legitimacy and rights of children from live-in relationships

9. NRI & Interfaith Marriage Disputes

Divorce and maintenance disputes involving NRIs
Conversion-related marriage disputes
Cases under Special Marriage Act for interfaith marriages

10. Matrimonial Fraud & Bigamy Cases

Cases of cheating in marriage (concealment of facts)
Bigamy and polygamy disputes (Section 494 IPC)

Forums Handling Family Law Cases

Family Courts (for divorce, maintenance, custody)
District Courts & High Courts (for appeals and writs)
Supreme Court (for constitutional & high-stakes cases)

Civil law cases in India involve disputes between individuals, organizations, or the government over rights, obligations, and liabilities. These cases do not involve criminal offenses but focus on compensation, enforcement of rights, and resolution of conflicts. Here are the major types of civil law cases:

1. Property & Land Disputes

Title disputes (ownership conflicts, forged documents)
Partition suits (division of ancestral/joint property)
Adverse possession claims
Encroachment & boundary disputes
Illegal eviction & possession cases

2. Contract & Business Disputes

Breach of contract (failure to fulfill business agreements)
Disputes over sale agreements and service contracts
Partnership and shareholder disputes
Arbitration and mediation disputes

3. Family Law Cases

Divorce, alimony, and maintenance claims
Child custody and guardianship matters
Adoption disputes
Inheritance and succession disputes

4. Consumer Protection Cases

Defective goods and deficiency in services
Medical negligence cases
Real estate disputes (delayed possession, fraud by builders)
Banking & insurance complaints

5. Employment & Service Law Cases

Wrongful termination and dismissal disputes
Pension and gratuity claims
Disputes over promotions and seniority
Government service disputes under Administrative Tribunals

6. Debt Recovery & Banking Disputes

Loan defaults and recovery suits under SARFAESI Act
Cheque bounce cases under Section 138 of NI Act
Mortgage and foreclosure disputes

7. Tort Law & Compensation Claims

Personal injury and medical malpractice cases
Defamation (libel and slander)
Negligence claims (road accidents, workplace injuries)

8. Rent Control & Tenancy Disputes

Eviction of tenants and non-payment of rent
Violation of rental agreements
Landlord-tenant disputes under Rent Control Acts

9. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Cases

Trademark, patent, and copyright infringement
Trade secret disputes
Brand and logo disputes

10. Writ Petitions & Public Interest Litigations (PILs)

Constitutional rights violations under Articles 32 & 226
Environmental and social justice issues
Government policy and administrative disputes

Forums Handling Civil Law Cases

Civil Courts (District & High Court) – for most civil disputes
Consumer Forums (District, State, National) – for consumer complaints
Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) – for banking disputes
Family Courts – for divorce, custody, maintenance
Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) – for IPR disputes
Supreme Court – for constitutional and large-scale civil disputes

Company law cases in India involve disputes related to the formation, operation, management, and dissolution of companies. These cases are governed by the Companies Act, 2013, along with other laws like the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), SEBI Act, and FEMA. Here are the major types of cases related to company law:

1. Incorporation & Registration Disputes

Rejection of company registration by Registrar of Companies (ROC)
Disputes over naming and trademarks of companies
Fraudulent incorporation or misrepresentation in incorporation documents

2. Shareholder & Ownership Disputes

Minority shareholder oppression cases (Section 241 & 242, Companies Act)
Disputes over share transfer and ownership rights
Non-payment of dividends and misuse of shareholder funds

3. Director & Management Disputes

Removal of directors under Section 169
Director disqualification cases (Section 164)
Mismanagement and breach of fiduciary duty cases

4. Corporate Fraud & Misconduct Cases

Financial fraud and misrepresentation in financial statements
Insider trading violations under SEBI Act
Related-party transaction frauds

5. Mergers, Acquisitions & Takeover Disputes

Hostile takeovers and shareholder conflicts
Regulatory approval disputes (NCLT & SEBI approval issues)
Disputes over valuation and fair pricing of shares

6. Insolvency & Bankruptcy Cases

Corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) under IBC
Liquidation and winding-up disputes (Section 271-273, Companies Act)
Debt recovery by creditors and banks

7. Corporate Governance & Compliance Issues

Violation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) obligations (Section 135)
Non-compliance with SEBI Listing Obligations & Disclosure Regulations (LODR)
Failure to hold Annual General Meetings (AGM) or file annual returns

8. Contractual Disputes & Commercial Agreements

Breach of contract between companies and vendors/suppliers
Joint venture and partnership disputes
Disputes related to Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and Non-Compete Agreements

9. Employee &Labour Law Disputes

Unfair dismissal or wrongful termination cases
Violation of employee benefits under Employees’ Provident Fund Act, Gratuity Act
Non-payment of salaries and retrenchment benefits

10. Tax & Regulatory Compliance Cases

GST & Income Tax disputes related to company transactions
FEMA violations in foreign direct investment (FDI) transactions
Disputes over corporate tax liability and penalties

Forums Handling Company Law Cases

National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) – for company disputes, insolvency cases
National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) – for appeals against NCLT orders
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – for stock market violations
High Courts & Supreme Court – for constitutional and larger corporate disputes

Commercial criminal cases involve offenses related to business activities, corporate fraud, financial crimes, and violations of economic laws. These cases often include fraud, misrepresentation, corruption, and money laundering. They are governed by various laws such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Prevention of Corruption Act, Companies Act, SEBI Act, PMLA, FEMA, and Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code (IBC).

Types of Commercial Criminal Cases in India

1. Corporate & Financial Fraud Cases

Corporate fraud (manipulation of accounts, fake invoices)
Misrepresentation in IPOs or financial statements
Bank frauds & loan defaults (fraudulent loan applications, willful defaults)
Fake shell companies & tax evasion

2. Cheating, Breach of Trust & Embezzlement

Cheating (Section 420 IPC) – Fraudulent business transactions, false promises
Criminal breach of trust (Section 406 IPC) – Misuse of company funds
Forgery (Sections 463-471 IPC) – Fake financial documents, fake signatures

3. Money Laundering & Hawala Transactions

Money laundering under Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)
Benami property transactions under Benami Transactions Act
Illegal foreign exchange dealings under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)

4. White Collar Crimes & Insider Trading

Insider trading under SEBI Act (illegal stock trading with confidential info)
Market manipulation & stock fraud (Section 12A, SEBI Act)
Cartelization & unfair trade practices (Competition Act, 2002)

5. Cyber & Digital Fraud Cases

Banking frauds (credit card fraud, phishing, hacking, UPI frauds)
Online investment & cryptocurrency frauds
Data theft & corporate espionage

6. Bribery & Corruption Cases

Bribery under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
Public servants taking bribes (Sections 7, 13 PCA)
Corporate bribery & kickbacks in business deals

7. GST & Tax Evasion Cases

Fake GST invoices & input tax credit fraud (GST Act, 2017)
Income tax evasion & black money cases
Hawala transactions & offshore tax havens

8. Ponzi Schemes & Investment Scams

Chit fund fraud & multi-level marketing (MLM) scams
Ponzi schemes & financial pyramid frauds
Illegal forex trading & unregistered investment schemes

9. Corporate Negligence & Environmental Crimes

Negligence leading to industrial disasters (Bhopal Gas Tragedy-type cases)
Pollution & environmental violations (Environment Protection Act)
Dangerous workplace practices causing public harm

10. Intellectual Property (IP) Crimes

Trademark & copyright infringement with criminal intent
Counterfeit product manufacturing & smuggling
Patent fraud & trade secret theft

Forums Handling Commercial Criminal Cases

Economic Offences Wing (EOW) – Investigates financial fraud & corporate crimes
Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) – Probes corporate frauds under Companies Act
Enforcement Directorate (ED) – Handles money laundering & FEMA violations
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) – Deals with insolvency & business frauds
CBI (Anti-Corruption & Economic Offences Wing) – Investigates bribery & financial scams
Supreme Court & High Courts – For appeals & constitutional matters